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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quadrik</span></h1>
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<p>Eine <b>Quadrik</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>quadra</i></span> Quadrat) ist in der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> die <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmenge" title="Lösungsmenge">Lösungsmenge</a> einer <a href="Quadratische_Gleichung" title="Quadratische Gleichung">quadratischen Gleichung</a> mehrerer Unbekannter. In zwei Dimensionen bildet eine Quadrik im Regelfall eine <a href="Kurve_(Mathematik)" title="Kurve (Mathematik)">Kurve</a> in der <a href="Ebene_(Mathematik)" title="Ebene (Mathematik)">Ebene</a>, wobei es sich dann um einen <a href="Kegelschnitt" title="Kegelschnitt">Kegelschnitt</a> handelt. In drei Dimensionen beschreibt eine Quadrik im Regelfall eine <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a> im <a href="Euklidischer_Raum" title="Euklidischer Raum">Raum</a>, die auch <b>Fläche zweiter Ordnung</b> oder <b>quadratische Fläche</b> genannt wird. Allgemein handelt es sich bei einer Quadrik um eine <a href="Algebraische_Variet%C3%A4t" title="Algebraische Varietät">algebraische Varietät</a>, also um eine spezielle <a href="Hyperfl%C3%A4che" title="Hyperfläche">Hyperfläche</a>, in einem endlichdimensionalen reellen <a href="Koordinatenraum" title="Koordinatenraum">Koordinatenraum</a>. Durch eine <a href="Hauptachsentransformation" title="Hauptachsentransformation">Hauptachsentransformation</a> lässt sich jede Quadrik auf eine von drei möglichen <a href="#Normalformen">Normalformen</a> transformieren. Auf diese Weise können Quadriken in verschiedene grundlegende Typen klassifiziert werden.
</p><p>Quadriken werden insbesondere in der <a href="Analytische_Geometrie" title="Analytische Geometrie">analytischen</a> und der <a href="Projektive_Geometrie" title="Projektive Geometrie">projektiven Geometrie</a> untersucht. Anwendungen für Quadriken in Technik und Naturwissenschaften finden sich unter anderem in der Geodäsie (<a href="Referenzellipsoid" title="Referenzellipsoid">Referenzellipsoid</a>), der Architektur (<a href="Tragwerk_(Bauwesen)" title="Tragwerk (Bauwesen)">Tragwerkskonstruktion</a>) oder der Optik (<a href="Parabolspiegel" title="Parabolspiegel">Parabolspiegel</a>).
</p><p>Die jeweilige Quadrik, d. h. Lösungsmenge, wird im Folgenden mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle Q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/131bb2da649dd6c113517c5ae8c26370654ee8fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet. Darüber hinaus wird auf dieser Seite zur möglichst einfachen Unterscheidung der verwendeten <a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbole</a> die folgende in der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">Linearen Algebra</a> übliche <a href="Notation" title="Notation">Notation</a> verwendet:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> repräsentiert eine <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle Zahl</a>,<br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {a} }">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {a} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51e4cec647b67833b512fffcee880d2b1bbd7a74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {a} }" loading="lazy"></span> einen Vektor (aufrecht in Kleinbuchstaben),<br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff6366939c4ebbd4e8494d0dedc54c4b8dd7135a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Matrix (aufrecht in Großbuchstaben).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine Quadrik ist eine <a href="Menge" class="mw-disambig" title="Menge">Menge</a> im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionalen reellen <a href="Koordinatenraum" title="Koordinatenraum">Koordinatenraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</msup>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c510b63578322050121fe966f2e5770bea43308d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45f44d2ddd8265ee4f4a165cebc0d19336b99613.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.106ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}+2\,\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}x_{i}+c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}+2\,\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}x_{i}+c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef3f08bb40e4eec8b2a65b7ab9dbc32c5921fbe8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:43.646ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}a_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}+2\,\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}x_{i}+c}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ein <a href="Quadratische_Form" title="Quadratische Form">quadratisches Polynom</a> in den Variablen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/737e02a5fbf8bc31d443c91025339f9fd1de1065.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.11ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Mindestens einer der Polynomkoeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{11},\dots ,a_{nn}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{11},\dots ,a_{nn}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49cb360802965e1d9ef64e9b4c533739f692faa0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.719ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{11},\dots ,a_{nn}}" loading="lazy"></span> muss dabei ungleich null sein. Zudem kann <a href="Ohne_Beschr%C3%A4nkung_der_Allgemeinheit" title="Ohne Beschränkung der Allgemeinheit">ohne Einschränkung</a> vorausgesetzt werden, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cb3e899e03e50fec81e0f9b4977f59e27149618.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.512ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{ij}=a_{ji}}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i,j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i,j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a6c11b8c109c92881f6ab9b5117bd83258d82d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.695ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i,j\in \{1,\dotsc ,n\}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. Eine Quadrik ist damit die <a href="Nullstellenmenge" title="Nullstellenmenge">Nullstellenmenge</a> eines quadratischen Polynoms mehrerer Variablen beziehungsweise die <a href="L%C3%B6sungsmenge" title="Lösungsmenge">Lösungsmenge</a> einer <a href="Quadratische_Gleichung" title="Quadratische Gleichung">quadratischen Gleichung</a> mit mehreren Unbekannten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<p>Zum Beispiel beschreibt die Menge der Punkte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid 2x^{2}+3y^{2}=5\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid 2x^{2}+3y^{2}=5\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4f7185044b122755cba621c7dda5be9c4d202cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:34.511ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid 2x^{2}+3y^{2}=5\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eine <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> in der Ebene. Die Menge der Punkte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2}=1\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2}=1\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9775de55251bdc455ed175adfeef71fe65a42ddb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.293ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2}=1\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschreibt ein einschaliges <a href="Hyperboloid" title="Hyperboloid">Hyperboloid</a> im dreidimensionalen Raum.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrixdarstellung">Matrixdarstellung</h3></div>
<p>In kompakter <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrixnotation</a> kann eine Quadrik als eine Menge von Vektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {x^{T}} \mathrm {A} \mathrm {x} +2\mathrm {b^{T}} \mathrm {x} +c=0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {x^{T}} \mathrm {A} \mathrm {x} +2\mathrm {b^{T}} \mathrm {x} +c=0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42a34dc19c3b819b7268757f1bcfbe0447edb56b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:38.216ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {x^{T}} \mathrm {A} \mathrm {x} +2\mathrm {b^{T}} \mathrm {x} +c=0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>beschrieben werden, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} =(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} =(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f73dc44710ff2d5ad558d5edd0bfcf4b5278eca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.36ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} =(a_{ij})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Symmetrische_Matrix" title="Symmetrische Matrix">symmetrische Matrix</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {b} =(b_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {b} =(b_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f76bc92c3e7814cba9e85f7b5e8bfd06e47cf25d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.735ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {b} =(b_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {x} =(x_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {x} =(x_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1eb1fcd6a3cd0e9bc7ef4d30edcd7205c42f1229.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.002ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {x} =(x_{i})\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Spaltenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaltenvektor">Spaltenvektoren</a> entsprechender Länge sind. Mit Hilfe der erweiterten Darstellungsmatrix
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} ={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} ={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42f66fbc79973463d573dec3f0aa0c3f46fdc202.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.341ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} ={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und dementsprechend erweiterten Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {x}} ={\tbinom {\mathrm {x} }{1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {x}} ={\tbinom {\mathrm {x} }{1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3550f76e88fd323e1fac298189bb55d276ed69a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.324ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {x}} ={\tbinom {\mathrm {x} }{1}}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann eine Quadrik auch kompakt durch die Menge
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {{\bar {x}}^{T}} \mathrm {\bar {A}} \,\mathrm {\bar {x}} =0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {{\bar {x}}^{T}} \mathrm {\bar {A}} \,\mathrm {\bar {x}} =0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9f2cd57256201e79f068b8302b61fc08484c130.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.814ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{\mathrm {x} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\mid \mathrm {{\bar {x}}^{T}} \mathrm {\bar {A}} \,\mathrm {\bar {x}} =0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>in <a href="Homogene_Koordinaten" title="Homogene Koordinaten">homogenen Koordinaten</a> dargestellt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typen">Typen</h3></div>
<p>Bei Quadriken werden drei grundlegende Typen unterschieden. Die Entscheidung, um welchen Typ es sich bei einer gegebenen Quadrik handelt, kann anhand der <a href="Rang_(Lineare_Algebra)" title="Rang (Lineare Algebra)">Ränge</a> der Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff6366939c4ebbd4e8494d0dedc54c4b8dd7135a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {A|b} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\mathrm {A|b} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/997fe7e7f9ae022b192a596aa0d66e2b90800edb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\mathrm {A|b} )}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a068a63949df5dec0856f05748d6707c32c081f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }" loading="lazy"></span> getroffen werden:<sup id="cite_ref-arens719_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arens719-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Kegeliger Typ</i>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0e5822c1e9800a57f7d0a0a66e42caee5f16248.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.381ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><i>Mittelpunktsquadrik</i>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98ecfbd20ff371b74853f457b78747b7b5f98739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.381ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {\bar {A}} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><i>Parabolischer Typ</i>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9873bbc366b12d4a4b491ae122d11153d017ef7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.201ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A|b} )>\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Eine Quadrik heißt dabei <i>ausgeartet</i>, falls
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det \mathrm {\bar {A}} =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det \mathrm {\bar {A}} =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fdb9858ba97b808e83c1755f0f54d81f2875309.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.621ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det \mathrm {\bar {A}} =0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gilt. Während nichtausgeartete Quadriken in allen Richtungen gekrümmte Hyperflächen bilden, weisen ausgeartete Quadriken in manchen Richtungen geradlinige Strukturen auf oder sind anderweitig degeneriert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformationen">Transformationen</h3></div>
<p>Quadriken lassen sich durch <a href="%C3%84hnlichkeitsabbildung" title="Ähnlichkeitsabbildung">Ähnlichkeitsabbildungen</a> transformieren, ohne dass sich ihr Typ dadurch verändert. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c563e70d0445fc47b5f8dab0f17c489b14bef668.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.294ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Regul%C3%A4re_Matrix" title="Reguläre Matrix">reguläre Matrix</a>, dann erhält man durch die <a href="Lineare_Transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Transformation">lineare Transformation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y} =\mathrm {S^{-1}} \mathrm {x} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {y} =\mathrm {S^{-1}} \mathrm {x} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8330b2fc0a31fdfb345900694bb7039eb9d46b39.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.179ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y} =\mathrm {S^{-1}} \mathrm {x} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine neue Quadrik in den Koordinaten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02710f4c20aea678d977191a5909052c4177046b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.729ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>, die der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &\mathrm {S^{T}b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}S} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &\mathrm {S^{T}b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}S} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d8abfb050383fa2628a3614d55db61efd16bdf7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:80.06ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &\mathrm {S^{T}b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}S} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>genügt. Ebenso erhält man durch eine <a href="Parallelverschiebung" title="Parallelverschiebung">Parallelverschiebung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=x-u} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=x-u} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/292919bbd39fbcc6184096fd8bb47cf9dadd473f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.686ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=x-u} }" loading="lazy"></span> um einen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb7f2319d60b7bf48ac0931c594c8825e019e200.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.03ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine neue Quadrik, die die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &0\\\mathrm {u^{T}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &\mathrm {u} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {Au+b} \\\mathrm {u^{T}A+b^{T}} &\mathrm {u^{T}Au+2b^{T}u} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &0\\\mathrm {u^{T}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &\mathrm {u} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {Au+b} \\\mathrm {u^{T}A+b^{T}} &\mathrm {u^{T}Au+2b^{T}u} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cc5bd62c4f1338195ef0790fe5998776207fb9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:97.916ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &0\\\mathrm {u^{T}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {I} &\mathrm {u} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {Au+b} \\\mathrm {u^{T}A+b^{T}} &\mathrm {u^{T}Au+2b^{T}u} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {y} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="Einheitsmatrix" title="Einheitsmatrix">Einheitsmatrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fe488fe4632616640bfc3192935e3f590ae2a8b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.842ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {I} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n\times n}}" loading="lazy"></span> erfüllt. Insbesondere ändert sich der Rang der Matrizen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A,(A\mid b)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A,(A\mid b)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bad7535db8b9dee7d3038e299473506cbb2c618.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.559ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A,(A\mid b)} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a068a63949df5dec0856f05748d6707c32c081f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\bar {A}} }" loading="lazy"></span> durch solche <a href="Affinit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Affinität (Mathematik)">Affinitäten</a> nicht.
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \det(\mathrm {A} )\neq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">det</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \det(\mathrm {A} )\neq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d787fd140b3a5bec37280306dc3f6384a41a489.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.043ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \det(\mathrm {A} )\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>, so lassen sich beide Methoden mittels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=S^{-1}x} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=S^{-1}x} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d4994ce3d04a71dc2a6cc4cefb84ea36f07debe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.179ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {y=S^{-1}x} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=y+S^{-1}A^{-1}b} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=y+S^{-1}A^{-1}b} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2df31b75f28034ab045b324858ad80a638ae3d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.192ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=y+S^{-1}A^{-1}b} }" loading="lazy"></span> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=S^{-1}(x+A^{-1}b)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=S^{-1}(x+A^{-1}b)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d47f6878654fb2ede33a191d0f251416502214ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.002ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=S^{-1}(x+A^{-1}b)} }" loading="lazy"></span> kombinieren:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &\mathrm {-A^{-1}b} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &0\\0&\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>1</mn>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &\mathrm {-A^{-1}b} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &0\\0&\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15f68b33fb59be2a487e7778302e977469a7a5d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:101.816ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}} &0\\\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}} &1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {A} &\mathrm {b} \\\mathrm {b^{T}} &c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S} &\mathrm {-A^{-1}b} \\0&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z^{T}} \!\!&1\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {S^{T}AS} &0\\0&\mathrm {-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\mathrm {z} \\1\end{pmatrix}}=0.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da die Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff6366939c4ebbd4e8494d0dedc54c4b8dd7135a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> symmetrisch ist, ist sie orthogonal diagonalisierbar, das heißt, es gibt eine orthogonale Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c11737cd802423c767d0c99b41e83af186ea4a20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{-1}AS=S^{T}AS=:D} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mo>=:</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{-1}AS=S^{T}AS=:D} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/397fcd2d0dbc734a1ec94a073c7882ed6ac8a29f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:21.027ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{-1}AS=S^{T}AS=:D} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Diagonalmatrix ist. Damit kann die Quadrik durch die Bedingung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z^{T}Dz-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {z^{T}Dz-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7f1c00558d8396453913c09d2a06cd31f4012f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.288ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z^{T}Dz-b^{T}A^{-1}b} +c=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>ausgedrückt werden. Es kommen also keine gemischt-quadratischen und keine linearen Terme mehr vor. Der Mittelpunkt der Quadrik liegt somit bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=0} \Leftrightarrow \mathrm {x=-A^{-1}b} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=0} \Leftrightarrow \mathrm {x=-A^{-1}b} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdf28a923179d645044fc4b3cfad9a065015cf1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {z=0} \Leftrightarrow \mathrm {x=-A^{-1}b} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normalformen">Normalformen</h3></div>
<p>Durch eine <a href="Hauptachsentransformation" title="Hauptachsentransformation">Hauptachsentransformation</a> lässt sich jede Quadrik auf eine der folgenden <a href="Normalform" title="Normalform">Normalformen</a> transformieren. Hierzu wird zunächst eine <a href="Orthogonale_Matrix" title="Orthogonale Matrix">orthogonale Matrix</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c11737cd802423c767d0c99b41e83af186ea4a20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S} }" loading="lazy"></span>, beispielsweise eine <a href="Drehmatrix" title="Drehmatrix">Dreh-</a> oder <a href="Spiegelungsmatrix" title="Spiegelungsmatrix">Spiegelungsmatrix</a>, derart gewählt, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{T}AS} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{T}AS} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3e204423c375ce5275dbc768cb80543fb83a7f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.747ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {S^{T}AS} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Diagonalmatrix" title="Diagonalmatrix">Diagonalmatrix</a> ergibt, die die <a href="Eigenwerte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwerte">Eigenwerte</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff6366939c4ebbd4e8494d0dedc54c4b8dd7135a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }" loading="lazy"></span> in absteigender Reihenfolge enthält. Im zweiten Schritt wird die transformierte Quadrik derart um einen Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43cefa783fd444978c05b01a4530adc536eb39c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.293ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {u} }" loading="lazy"></span> verschoben, dass auch die linearen Terme und der konstante Term weitestgehend verschwinden. Schließlich wird die Quadrik noch so normiert, dass der konstante Term, sofern er nicht null ist, zu eins wird. Dadurch ergeben sich die folgenden drei Normalformen:<sup id="cite_ref-arens719_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arens719-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Kegeliger Typ: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/94184ebd15cbcde6aa4c3d791a9e83b2180c57db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:39.532ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n,\ p\geq r-p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n,\ p\geq r-p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e1f826474960547bbe1aaca9237a251aa6f427f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.012ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n,\ p\geq r-p}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Mittelpunktsquadrik: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f90414e40e0b71ef238d70e12b8cf1a26402407.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:39.532ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/304c11e7bae21cb121f88dd4ecd6387fe4b4ceae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.071ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r\leq n}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Parabolischer Typ: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}-2x_{r+1}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}-2x_{r+1}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c79be1c983df8b6fbfbe786e9a2fbe554afc1ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:47.939ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}+\dotsb +{\frac {x_{p}^{2}}{\alpha _{p}^{2}}}-{\frac {x_{p+1}^{2}}{\alpha _{p+1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}-2x_{r+1}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r<n,\ p\geq r-p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r<n,\ p\geq r-p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f40b386b4ceba86212873656fe013e72346931f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.012ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\leq p\leq r<n,\ p\geq r-p}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Hinzu kommt als Spezialfall die
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Leere_Menge" title="Leere Menge">Leere Menge</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msubsup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a23239aec7002f952bec70a196866f21503fc848.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:21.229ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {x_{1}^{2}}{\alpha _{1}^{2}}}-\dotsb -{\frac {x_{r}^{2}}{\alpha _{r}^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\leq r\leq n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\leq r\leq n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97c285f65976ce516e4afcecde719fab26e059f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.803ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\leq r\leq n}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>In allen Fällen sind die Koeffizienten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\dotsc ,\alpha _{r}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\dotsc ,\alpha _{r}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/097fb5d8cb1dcf76dff22c5bd643cbd5cf051fc9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.442ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{1},\dotsc ,\alpha _{r}>0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Kennzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda >0\}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda >0\}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f904fe05f92a8766c9874536496dd9b1d01c5837.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:23.704ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda >0\}|}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda \neq 0\}|=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>rang</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda \neq 0\}|=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4dd1209c35699b8a9d37031d1760c6688f5c684d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.674ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=|\{\lambda \in \sigma (\mathrm {A} )\colon \lambda \neq 0\}|=\operatorname {rang} (\mathrm {A} )}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben sich dabei aus der <a href="Signatur_(lineare_Algebra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signatur (lineare Algebra)">Signatur</a> der Matrix <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff6366939c4ebbd4e8494d0dedc54c4b8dd7135a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifikation">Klassifikation</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadriken_in_einer_Dimension">Quadriken in einer Dimension</h3></div>
<p>In einer Dimension ist eine Quadrik die Lösungsmenge einer <a href="Quadratische_Gleichung" title="Quadratische Gleichung">quadratischen Gleichung</a> mit einer Unbekannten, also eine Punktmenge der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{x\in \mathbb {R} \mid ax^{2}+bx+c=0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{x\in \mathbb {R} \mid ax^{2}+bx+c=0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1483a145d380d2c103be69e922c57c52c9f0efa9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.322ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{x\in \mathbb {R} \mid ax^{2}+bx+c=0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Durch Verschiebung (<a href="Quadratische_Erg%C3%A4nzung" title="Quadratische Ergänzung">quadratische Ergänzung</a>) und Normierung lassen sich die folgenden zwei Fälle unterscheiden:
</p>
<table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Nicht ausgeartete Quadriken
</th>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Ausgeartete Quadriken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Zwei Lösungen<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e36f3b43b8baa40f4ce50fc881b9ec4db80e70a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Eine Lösung<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59324882331f4a3f6f9a0781f571842f4aa584fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>In dem verbleibenden Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51545a30fbb8c01078da3b855041fa020a823886.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.789ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich als Lösungsmenge die leere Menge. In allen Fällen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd4f784b6e8bb68fa774213ceacbab2d97825dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadriken_in_der_Ebene">Quadriken in der Ebene</h3></div>
<p>In der Ebene ist eine Quadrik die Lösungsmenge einer quadratischen Gleichung mit zwei Unbekannten, also eine Punktmenge der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cy^{2}+dx+ey+f=0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cy^{2}+dx+ey+f=0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b19ce48d20802f53ec0f5d481325e19e0afc5bef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.33ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cy^{2}+dx+ey+f=0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei handelt es sich bis auf degenerierte Fälle um <a href="Kegelschnitt" title="Kegelschnitt">Kegelschnitte</a>, wobei ausgeartete Kegelschnitte, bei denen die Kegelspitze in der Schnittebene enthalten ist, von nicht ausgearteten Kegelschnitten unterschieden werden. Durch Hauptachsentransformation lässt sich die allgemeine Gleichung einer Quadrik auf eine der folgenden Normalformen transformieren:
</p>
<table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Nicht ausgeartete Quadriken
</th>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Ausgeartete Quadriken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left:3em; padding-right:3em"><a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dc313e5e3b952cbbe236de79af1b97a694be858.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei schneidende <a href="Gerade" title="Gerade">Geraden</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f815d98fd484f2cd80f314db1a61d94d1dff729c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Hyperbel_(Mathematik)" title="Hyperbel (Mathematik)">Hyperbel</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86d9261077550b5884c987e4813e2a548b313251.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei parallele Geraden<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e36f3b43b8baa40f4ce50fc881b9ec4db80e70a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Parabel_(Mathematik)" title="Parabel (Mathematik)">Parabel</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27c3afbaeb009367721fc76b07391856d1134dd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.797ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Eine Gerade<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59324882331f4a3f6f9a0781f571842f4aa584fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Ein <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkt</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fddaa5076b09bad7abd22386c78a403823fa09a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In den beiden verbleibenden Fällen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19c5edd24015f294f4d3261b49fc86e0e0b9b160.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.242ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51545a30fbb8c01078da3b855041fa020a823886.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.789ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich als Lösungsmenge jeweils die leere Menge. In allen Fällen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f650e33744628e414c5e7bc24ecf964e3a39554f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.114ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta >0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadriken_im_Raum">Quadriken im Raum</h3></div>
<p>Im dreidimensionalen Raum ist eine Quadrik die Lösungsmenge einer quadratischen Gleichung mit drei Unbekannten, also eine Punktmenge der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cxz+dy^{2}+eyz+fz^{2}+gx+hy+iz+j=0\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cxz+dy^{2}+eyz+fz^{2}+gx+hy+iz+j=0\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d5f9527b46f4db08f41a5a9fc81b5a0929bcf1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:80.923ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=\left\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb {R} ^{3}\mid ax^{2}+bxy+cxz+dy^{2}+eyz+fz^{2}+gx+hy+iz+j=0\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Im Raum ist die Vielfalt der Quadriken deutlich größer als in der Ebene. Hier gibt es ebenfalls ausgeartete und nicht ausgeartete Quadriken. Unter den ausgearteten Quadriken finden sich dabei auch einfach gekrümmte Flächen, wie Zylinder und Kegel. Ähnlich wie in zwei Dimensionen lässt sich die allgemeine Gleichung einer Quadrik auf eine der folgenden Normalformen transformieren:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Nicht ausgeartete Quadriken
</th>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Ausgeartete Quadriken (gekrümmte Flächen)
</th>
<th colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis">Ausgeartete Quadriken (Ebenen u. a.)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">Ellipsoid</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}+{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}+{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b51628c50c54010f456b9440c36c3a2cc9ee50d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.717ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}+{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><a href="Elliptischer_Kegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptischer Kegel">Elliptischer Kegel</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6c47e46eecb67da21e1e667f48dc77acc75efb55.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.717ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei schneidende Ebenen<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/300bb6466afc1a84a772693309cdb2f80addfc6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Einschaliges_Hyperboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Einschaliges Hyperboloid">Einschaliges Hyperboloid</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27bdb32a18dc2980f99f40a4b91ab13e41c82c10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.717ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><a href="Elliptischer_Zylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptischer Zylinder">Elliptischer Zylinder</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1dc313e5e3b952cbbe236de79af1b97a694be858.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Zwei parallele Ebenen<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e44ec59fe59fd8ac7e1e65e906486207d2dac12f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zweischaliges_Hyperboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweischaliges Hyperboloid">Zweischaliges Hyperboloid</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62582ae3ad1658464978816405d1b41fefd901da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.525ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-{z^{2} \over \gamma ^{2}}=-1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><a href="Hyperbolischer_Zylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolischer Zylinder">Hyperbolischer Zylinder</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86d9261077550b5884c987e4813e2a548b313251.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Eine Ebene<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59324882331f4a3f6f9a0781f571842f4aa584fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.639ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elliptisches_Paraboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptisches Paraboloid">Elliptisches Paraboloid</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebfdd054eb248cfed216c3094ed00a399107f23d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.798ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}+{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td><a href="Parabolischer_Zylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabolischer Zylinder">Parabolischer Zylinder</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/27c3afbaeb009367721fc76b07391856d1134dd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.797ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-2y=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Eine Gerade<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fddaa5076b09bad7abd22386c78a403823fa09a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:13.707ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Hyperbolisches_Paraboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolisches Paraboloid">Hyperbolisches Paraboloid</a><br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/90e55bc4baeab87c75c7ce3618e855f339fd6d4b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.798ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {x^{2} \over \alpha ^{2}}-{y^{2} \over \beta ^{2}}-2z=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>Ein Punkt<br> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d85bf48de14f1709d62af61051f1522dab423106.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.717ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>In den drei verbleibenden Fällen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5388c30e0c7407fccbb12325f42e2d22bada733.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.655ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {z^{2}}{\gamma ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19c5edd24015f294f4d3261b49fc86e0e0b9b160.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.242ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}-{\tfrac {y^{2}}{\beta ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51545a30fbb8c01078da3b855041fa020a823886.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:8.789ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\tfrac {x^{2}}{\alpha ^{2}}}=1}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich als Lösungsmenge wiederum jeweils die leere Menge. In allen Fällen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/977ce11335d2302cdcb128e55d708aa3f0ed310b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.411ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma >0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef6894a6c2f414b03c984a1c7f0639063b0020ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.918ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta }" loading="lazy"></span> (bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =\gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =\gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b82201fad2d4f0a3b374681cf6963f7b85cd3687.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.693ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =\gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> im Fall des zweischaligen Hyperboloids) erhält man in folgenden Fällen <a href="Rotationsfl%C3%A4che" title="Rotationsfläche">Rotationsflächen</a>, die auch als <a href="Drehquadrik" title="Drehquadrik">Drehquadriken</a> bezeichnet werden: <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>, ein- und zweischaliges <a href="Rotationshyperboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationshyperboloid">Rotationshyperboloid</a>, <a href="Rotationsparaboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationsparaboloid">Rotationsparaboloid</a>, <a href="Kreiskegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreiskegel">Kreiskegel</a> und <a href="Kreiszylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreiszylinder">Kreiszylinder</a>. <a href="Regelfl%C3%A4che" title="Regelfläche">Regelflächen</a>, also Flächen, die von einer einparametrigen <a href="Geradenschar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geradenschar">Geradenschar</a> erzeugt werden, sind Kegel, elliptischer und parabolischer Zylinder, Ebene, einschaliges Hyperboloid und hyperbolisches Paraboloid. Die letzteren drei Flächen werden sogar von zwei Geradenscharen erzeugt und sind die einzig möglichen doppelt gekrümmten Regelflächen im Raum.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projektive_Quadriken">Projektive Quadriken</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Projektive_Quadrik" title="Projektive Quadrik">Projektive Quadrik</a></i></div>
<p>Die Vielfalt der Quadriken verringert sich erheblich, wenn man sowohl den affinen Raum, in dem eine Quadrik definiert ist, als auch die Quadrik selbst <a href="Projektiver_Raum" title="Projektiver Raum">projektiv</a> abschließt. Die projektiven Erweiterungen von Ellipsen, Hyperbeln und Parabeln sind projektiv alle zueinander äquivalent, das heißt, es gibt eine projektive <a href="Kollineation" title="Kollineation">Kollineation</a>, die die eine Kurve auf die andere abbildet (siehe <a href="Projektiver_Kegelschnitt" title="Projektiver Kegelschnitt">projektiver Kegelschnitt</a>).
</p><p>Im dreidimensionalen Raum sind folgende Quadriken äquivalent:
</p>
<ul><li>Ellipsoid, zweischaliges Hyperboloid und elliptisches Paraboloid,</li>
<li>einschaliges Hyperboloid und hyperbolisches Paraboloid,</li>
<li>elliptischer, hyperbolischer, parabolischer Zylinder und Kegel.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h2></div>
<p>Allgemeiner können Quadriken auch in Vektorräumen über einem beliebigen <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Algebra)" title="Körper (Algebra)">Körper</a>, also auch über dem Körper der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> oder auch über <a href="Endlicher_K%C3%B6rper" title="Endlicher Körper">endlichen Körpern</a> betrachtet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-arens719-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arens719_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-arens719_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilo Arens, Frank Hettlich, Christian Karpfinger, Ulrich Kockelkorn, Klaus Lichtenegger, <a href="Hellmuth_Stachel" title="Hellmuth Stachel">Hellmuth Stachel</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematik</cite>. 2. Auflage. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2011, ISBN 3-8274-2347-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>719</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quadrik&rft.au=Tilo+Arens%2C+Frank+Hettlich%2C+Christian+Karpfinger%2C+...&rft.btitle=Mathematik&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=2.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3827423473&rft.pages=719&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Meyberg, Peter Vachenauer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Höhere Mathematik 1</cite>. 6. Auflage. Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-41850-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>345</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quadrik&rft.au=Kurt+Meyberg%2C+Peter+Vachenauer&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6here+Mathematik+1&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=6.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540418504&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Hanfried_Lenz" title="Hanfried Lenz">Hanfried Lenz</a>: <i>Vorlesungen über projektive Geometrie.</i> Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig, Leipzig 1965, S. 155.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ilja Nikolajewitsch Bronstein, Konstantin A. Semendjajew: <i>Taschenbuch der Mathematik.</i> Teubner-Verlag, Leipzig 1983, ISBN 3-87144-492-8, S. 283.</li>
<li>Klemens Burg, Herbert Haf, Friedrich Wille: <i>Höhere Mathematik für Ingenieure.</i> Band II, Teubner-Verlag, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-519-22956-0, S. 341.</li>
<li><i>dtv-Atlas zur Mathematik.</i> Band 1, Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, ISBN 3-423-03007-0, S. 200–203.</li>
<li>Kurt Meyberg, Peter Vachenauer: <i>Höhere Mathematik 1.</i> Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-540-59188-5, S. 343.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quadric_surfaces?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Quadric surfaces</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quadrik" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Quadrik">Wiktionary: Quadrik</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<ul><li>V. S. Malakhovskii: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Quadric</cite>. In: <a href="Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Michiel Hazewinkel</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></cite>. Springer-Verlag und <a href="European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS</a> Press, Berlin 2002, ISBN 1-55608-010-7 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Quadric">encyclopediaofmath.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Quadrik&rft.atitle=Quadric&rft.au=V.+S.+Malakhovskii&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1556080107&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+und+EMS+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuadraticSurface.html"><i>Quadratic Surface</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li>pahio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetmath.org/quadraticsurfaces"><i>Quadratic Surfaces</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="PlanetMath" title="PlanetMath">PlanetMath</a>.</i> (englisch)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik.uni-stuttgart.de/studium/infomat/HM-Stroppel-Material/bsp-quadriken/">Bilder von Quadriken im Raum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.professores.uff.br/hjbortol/arquivo/2007.1/qs/quadric-surfaces_en.html">Interaktive 3D-Modelle aller Quadriken</a></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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